Defects in Metal Material Forming Processing, Part 3

Defects in metal forming processes can arise due to various factors, including material properties, process parameters, and environmental conditions. Here are some common defects associated with metal forming:

Inclusions

Metal or non-metal materials with obvious interfaces with the matrix and greatly different performances that appear on the surface and inside of processed products are called inclusions.

Inclusions in processed products mainly come from metal particles that have not been completely melted in the ingot, forming large pieces of primary crystals or foreign metals entering; or containing metal compounds, silicates, covering agents, etc.

The classification and characteristics are basically the same as those of inclusions in casting products. Inclusions in processed products are generally granular and long strips distributed along the processing direction, with certain shapes and colors, obvious interfaces, and can be found under a metallographic microscope without corrosion.